The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets provide a framework for action on biodiversity for this decade and beyond. In order to progress towards the achievement, this Plan needs to be assessed on a continuous basis. Comprehensive and robust monitoring systems, from which indicators of progress can be readily extracted and easily interpreted, would greatly enhance our ability to do this. Biodiversity datasets are scarce for many parts of the earth’s surface. In situ data is not always available and often have limitations. Earth observation data from spaceborne, airborne and ground-based sensors have a major role to play in improving monitoring systems by complementing conventional in situ data collection or by providing other types of information. Furthermore, the greater availability of earth observation data might encourage increased in situ data collection efforts, for instance for ground proofing purposes. This report shows how earth observation technologies can and should fit into systems for biodiversity monitoring, as well as demonstrates how these approaches could further improve relevant indicators for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. It illustrates a clear track from observations done by remote sensing platforms through Essential Biodiversity Variables to biodiversity indicators and ultimately to the assessment of progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and ultimately in support of evidence-based decision making. There is clearly huge potential for involving the wide range of current and emerging Earth Observation products in biodiversity monitoring. However, it is imperative that a balance is achieved between innovation in new products and the continuity of existing earth observations. A consistent, comparable readily available time series of biodiversity-relevant earth observations, such as long-term land cover change, is a pressing need. If this need were filled it would greatly enhance our ability to keep biodiversity and ecosystems under proper review and take well informed policy decisions. This report is intended as a resource for three communities: Earth Observation specialists, biodiversity scientists and policy makers. It aims to create common ground and initiate further dialogue. We hope that it will encourage an ongoing commitment from all readers to realize the full potential of the invaluable set of tools presented in this report and to take every opportunity and creative steps to enhance monitoring and assessment of biodiversity at the national and international level.