The present report aims to give an overview on the state of knowledge and relevant research initiatives concerning the status and trends of major ecosystem types with regard to their carbon stocks and greenhouse gas balance, taking into account human influence and possible future impacts of climate change. Recommendations are made on priorities for action and further research, based on the information reviewed.

This report was prepared by UNEP-WCMC as a background document and basis for discussion for the workshop "The climate relevance of ecosystems beyond forests and peatlands", which took place from 26-29 October 2011 at the International Academy for Nature Conservation on the Isle of Vilm, Germany. It was subsequently updated in collaboration with the participants to include additional information and ideas developed during and after the meeting. The workshop conclusions and recommendations are included as an annex to the document.