​Knowledge and awareness should be built through increased collaboration and exchange of experience across sectors, facilitated by governments, donors, civil society organisations and private sector actors. Considering the importance of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, and recognising that their utilisation has been essential for many years, the Convention on Biological Diversity and then the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing (ABS) constitute some of the key international instruments in regulating this subject matter. The entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol in 2012 triggered the development or adjustment of national access and benefit-sharing frameworks across the globe. This report provides an overview of policy and legal frameworks regarding access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, the European Union, India, Japan, Peru, and South Africa. These case study analyses show a variety of instruments and approaches to regulate access and benefit-sharing. The key challenges that countries experience in implementing these frameworks, as well as the areas of work that they are further developing, could be useful for others when developing and implementing their ABS frameworks.